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Essay on A Wagner Matinee Essays

Exposition on A Wagner Matinee Essays Exposition on A Wagner Matinee Essay Exposition on A Wagner Matinee Essay Vicki Glenn ENG 232 Mr. O September 26, 2011 â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† It has been said that, Sacrificing your satisfaction for the joy of the one you love is by a long shot, the most genuine sort of adoration. † However, leaving everything that satisfies you throughout everyday life, with the end goal for another to be cheerful ought not be expected of affection. Connections ought to be based on common regard and thought for each other. In spite of the fact that bargain in a relationship is a vital part for its prosperity, preventing the center from claiming what your identity is isn't. Talking for a fact, at long last, there will be only disdain and character strife. â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† by Willa Cather identifies with my life from numerous points of view as it uncovered the aftereffects of giving up one’s genuine self and the upsetting results of physical hardship, enthusiastic misery, and lament. The account of Georgiana Carpenter was described by her nephew, Clark, and he transferred that his auntie was an exceptionally instructed music instructor living in Boston during the mid-1800s. Proceeding on he stated, â€Å"One summer, while visiting in the little town among the Green Mountains where her predecessors had stayed for ages, she had fueled the inexperienced extravagant of my uncle, Howard Carpenter, at that point an inert, lazy kid of twenty-one† (1784). When Georgiana came back to Boston, Howard followed her, and because of this fixation, she ran off with him. At that point against the guidance and analysis of her loved ones, she tailed him to the Nebraska boondocks to take up a residence since he had no cash. In the interim, in a mind-blowing tale, I was a youthful understudy living in Norfolk, Virginia during the 1970s. One summer, while seeing family members in a little town close to the center of no place, I too â€Å"kindled the immature extravagant of an inert, lazy kid. † However, when I got back lazy didn't tail me; in any case, he called unendingly asking and arguing for me to return since he was not, at this point ready to persevere through his existence without me. Normally, because of this fixation I ran off with him. At that point, against the guidance and analysis of my loved ones, I tailed him to his home, close to the center of no place to live with his folks since he had no cash. Georgiana left Boston just as her companions, family, and in particular her cherished music to bear an existence of hardship on the Nebraska outskirts. Life on the outskirts was in no way like her past life in the city where her activity was instructing music. She worked extended periods of time cooking, cleaning, retouching and thinking about her kids. Clark told how his auntie would regularly remain until late at her pressing board while he presented his exercises. Her obligations likewise included thinking about the creatures, draining bovines and pulling water from a tidal pond. A long time later, her nephew would see the adjustment in her physical appearance and most explicitly in her grasp, as he expressed, â€Å"Poor hands! They had been extended and bent into unimportant arms to hold and lift and work with-on one of them a slim, worn band that had once been a wedding ring† (1786). The creator utilized this line to communicate that the long periods of difficult work had negatively affected he character. Since Georgiana had surrendered her activity in the city and the music that she genuinely cherished, so as to follow her better half, her life got one of extraordinary physical hardship. Obviously I too left my home in the city, loved ones to persevere through an existence of physical hardship in no place. Life at my parents in law home, in no place, was in no way like my past life in the city where my solitary occupation was going to class and tuning in to music with my companions. At the point when I lived in the city, on the off chance that I needed food, I went to the supermarket and got it; in any case, I immediately discovered that the nursery and different living animals would be my new wellspring of sustenance. The nursery was a ton of difficult work planting, weeding, hoeing, and picking vegetables in the rankling sweltering sun. Next, came the washing, stripping, dicing, snapping or shucking until your fingers seeped so as to freeze, can, or safeguard the nourishment for sometime later. The men were accountable for executing the different living animals, however the ladies needed to clean and set up the meat. From that point onward, I briefly turned into a veggie lover, and I fell into bed every night depleted from the day’s work and frail from absence of protein. Since I had surrendered my life in the city as an understudy, and my training so as to follow my significant other, my life likewise got one of physical hardship. The detached area on the outskirts and every last bit of her duties forestalled Georgiana from partaking in the life to which she had been acclimated, with the orchestras, shows and sweet songs that involved her very being. Clark recalled, â€Å"She showed me my scales on a little parlor organ which her significant other had gotten her following fifteen years during which she had not really as observed a melodic instrument† (1784). For somebody whose very life was about music, fifteen years was quite a while without hearing a note or seeing an instrument. Clark additionally reviewed that once while h was playing a tune, â€Å"She came up to me and, putting her hands over my eyes, delicately moved my head back upon her shoulder, saying tremulously, â€Å"Don’t love it so well, Clark, or it might be taken from you† (1786). Utilizing the word tremulously, the creator passed on that Georgiana felt unrest, anguish, and enthusiastic enduring over the loss of her heart ’s want. The separated area in no place and various duties frustrated me from taking an interest in the life to which I had been acclimated, with the schools, books, libraries, and perusing which involved my very being. In my new life, there was no time for books or perusing, work and drudgery commanded my days. Then again, my new spouse was very substance chasing, angling, and going out with the young men while I stayed detained at home with his mom. Following a couple of months, I referenced that I needed to come back to class so as to finish my instruction; in any case, lazy was absolutely against the entire thought and needed to hear no more regarding the matter. His mom totally concurred with him since it was her business to ensure that he generally got everything that he needed, and she was acceptable at it. Half a month later I joyfully found that I was anticipating my first kid. This advancement briefly finished any musings I had recently engaged about getaway from my hopeless reality in no place. Despite the fact that I was cheerful about the child, I was disheartened over the loss of my heart’s want, which was to complete my training. Numerous years after the fact Georgiana came back to Boston on business and her nephew astonished her by taking her to a Symphony just to find the lament which filled her spirit. Subsequent to seeing her response to the music, Clark understood that it had ended a quietness of thirty years for his auntie and tells that, â€Å"There came to me a staggering feeling of the waste and wear we are so weak to combat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1786). The creator utilized these words to communicate that Georgiana was feeble, regardless of whether through affection or commitment she decide to surrender her energy so as to make an estate with her better half on the outskirts. Georgiana sobbed discreetly and ceaselessly all through the show, and when it was over she stayed in her seat putting forth no attempt to leave. At the point when Clark addressed his auntie, she burst into tears and wailed pleadingly, â€Å"I don’t need to go, Clark, I don’t need to go! † Georgiana acknowledged how unfilled and void her life had been without her valuable music. Clark comprehended her regret as he recalled, â€Å"The tall exposed house on the prairie; dark and dreary as a wooden fortress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1786). Thirty years of quiet and aching while at the same time living in seclusion had left Georgiana wailing with the lament of all that she had missed. With respect to me, the years passed quickly by while bringing up youngsters, working, pausing, and appealing to God for the lazy kid to develop into a dependable man, and afterward one day understanding that he never would. Glancing back at my life, I became angry of all the sat around idly spent attempting to satisfy my significant other and his family while in all actuality none of them at any point minded on the off chance that I was glad. I had made a decent attempt for a considerable length of time to fulfill everybody until I had some way or another overlooked myself. After many warmed contentions we were separated, and I was allowed to go on with my life. I kept on working and bring up my kids, and I was at long last upbeat once more. Carrying on with my life to satisfy others had just prompted hopelessness and lament. As it turned out, Georgiana Carpenter and I shared a considerable amount for all intents and purpose. We both persevered through an existence of physical hardship because of the way that we both ran off with indolent young men. We both endured long periods of mental anguish and enthusiastic misery because of surrendering our heart’s wants. At last, we both understood that we lamented squandering the better piece of our lives living exclusively to serve another, and in the process lost our actual selves. I don't know what at any point was the fate of Georgiana after she quit crying, the story doesn't let us know. Margaret Deland, an American author once stated, â€Å"Self-penance which denies presence of mind isn't a temperance. Its a profound dispersal. † As for myself, when the crying was done I took a crack at a couple of classes, and I began looking for my character which had been lost incidentally. Cather, Willa. A Wagner Matinee. Paul Lauter et al. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Boston, MA: Patricia A. Coryell, 2004. 1783-1787.

What to Do After Successful Treatment for PTSD

What to Do After Successful Treatment for PTSD PTSD Treatment Print Tips for Maintaining Recovery After Treatment for PTSD Steps You Can Take to Stay PTSD-Free By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Some people wonder what they can do after successful treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Just because you have successfully completed treatment for PTSD does not mean that your work is over. Steps for Preventing Further Symptoms After PTSD Treatment PTSD symptoms can come back if you dont continue to engage in the healthy behaviors and coping skills that you learned during treatment. Therefore, it is very important to take steps to make sure that the skills you learned in treatment stay fresh in your mind. Here are some ways you can accomplish this. Keep an Eye on Your Goals Spend some time thinking about your goals, and if you havent done so already, clarify what your goals are. Imagine yourself taking action to move toward your goals. In addition, identify behaviors that might be inconsistent with achieving your goals. As important as it is to be aware of how you can reach your goals, it is also just as important to be aware of actions that would be inconsistent with your goals (for example, avoidance). Review Your Resources Read over any material that you were given during the course of your treatment for PTSD. Even if you feel as though you are very familiar with it all, there is no harm in reviewing it again. This keeps it fresh in your mind, and you may catch something that you missed before. The more familiar you are with the material, the easier it will be to enact certain skills if needed. Buy a self-help book on PTSD and read through it from time to time. It can introduce you to skills that you never thought of before and can also keep material that you learned in therapy fresh in your mind. Practice Coping Strategies If you were taught specific coping strategies during your treatment for PTSD, choose one to practice each week, regardless of whether or not you need to use it. Practice it when you are not stressed out, but also at times when you are feeling a little overwhelmed or anxious. The more you practice these skills, the better able you will be in using them during a time of crisis. Seek Support Identify a source of support. Support is great when you are attempting to address your PTSD symptoms; however, it can also be helpful after you have successfully completed treatment for PTSD. Make sure they are aware of signs that your PTSD symptoms might be coming back. They may be able to help you become aware of slips or early warning signs. The sooner you address these symptoms, the easier it will be to overcome them. Stay Consistent Reducing PTSD symptoms is just one part of the puzzle. It is also important to start building the life that you want to live after PTSD treatment. Identify goals and each week come up with behaviors or steps you can take that are consistent with those goals and building the life you want to live. Pursue More Therapy You might even consider staying in therapy. Even though your PTSD symptoms have reduced, it doesnt mean that there isnt more to be gained by meeting with a therapist. A therapist can help you identify goals and ways to meet those goals. A therapist can also be an additional source of support that can help in times of need. PTSD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Maintaining recovery from PTSD can take some work. However, although the steps listed above may help keep your PTSD symptoms at bay, they may also help other areas of your life. The goal is to not just eliminate PTSD symptoms but to also build a meaningful and fulfilling life for yourself. Historical Timeline of Schizophrenia

The Reform Movements Of The United States Of America Essay

Slavery in the United States of America started with the arrival of the first slaves from Africa in 1619. Slavery continued even after it was abolished; it greatly influenced the events in the country. From the very beginning, anti-slavery movement and slave resistance played a big role in the efforts to uphold the values of the new, rising nation and its belief that all men are equal. Advocates for the anti-slavery movement were not united from the start; some supported gradual emancipation of slaves, others were for immediate and radical abolishment, while free-soil activists argued for restriction of slavery to certain areas in order to prevent its spread across the country. Radical abolition movement was part of the reform movements related to religious revivals in an effort to create a righteous society that would fulfill the high ideals of America. These reforms were a response to economic and social changes which historians termed as â€Å"the market revolution† an d the â€Å"transportation revolution†. After the 1812 war, a tremendous development occurred; improved roads improved transport and increased profits among many farm entrepreneurs, artisans, and manufacturers. In the eyes of many religious leaders, America was dominated and obsessed with materialism and greed and they started to question the fundamentals of human life, justice, and sinful motives. Before the 1930s, the anti-slavery movement was not what one would consider well-organized. However, at that timeShow MoreRelatedThe Abolitionist Movement and The Civil Rights Movement Essay615 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the history of the United States there have been many reform movements that have molded the culture we live in today. The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The south depended onRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States865 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment. While the progressives were becoming more and more popular among politicians and people they brought reform and change to the United States. The progressives brought change through industries, social movements and the economy. The progressives, (as their name suggests) brought progress to America that forever changed the United States for the better. Without the progressives Americas change to more government involvement for the time being would never have happened thus showing the AmericanRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Antebellum Period1320 Words   |  6 PagesPrior to the Antebellum Period, the United States began to expand its influence to the Midwest. 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Without these movements, and the great leadersRead MoreReform Movement During The Civil War1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe fastest growing country in the world, during the reform era from 1820 to 1860, was the United States. Technology and the innovations provided from it brought a dream of prosperity for all races and creeds. As the northern middle class grew, so did the reform movement. This growth in the middle class and growth of immigrants coming into America caused some individuals to change their outlook of schools, slavery, and women’s rights. Though great strides were started in this time period, itRead MoreThe Presidency and Ideologies of Andrew Jackson Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated others to reform society. 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Beginning back in late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century,1 this Protestant awakening sought to reach out the un-churched and bring people to a much more personal and vivid experience of Christianity. Starting on the Southern

Adolescents With Same-sex Parents Annotated Bibliography...

Bos, H. M., Van Balen, F., Van den Boom, D. C. (2007). Child adjustment and parenting in planned lesbian-parent families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 38-48. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.38 This study was conducted in the Netherlands. First, the authors studied the association between â€Å"parental characteristics† and â€Å"child-rearing† factors. Second, they examined the â€Å"child adjustment† in planned lesbian mothers families and in heterosexual parents families. 100 planned lesbian mothers families were recruited through the Medical Center for Birth Control, homosexual parenting experts, the Dutch advocate group for homosexuality, and advertisement in the lesbian magazine. Compatible 100 heterosexual parents families were†¦show more content†¦Lesbian mothers showed more intense desire to have a child and less traditional child-rearing goals compared to heterosexual parents. Moreover, lesbian social mother showed more affection and c ommitment in parenting than heterosexual fathers. This might be because of social stigma on lesbian parenting, lesbian parents invest more times and efforts on their parenting. The authors also suggested possible gender differences since lesbian biological mothers, lesbian social mothers, heterosexual mothers, who are all females, showed more commitment in parenting compared to heterosexual fathers, who are males. The authors also stated that lesbian biological mothers showed more structure setting and limit setting compared to lesbian social mothers possibly because of their responsibility from biological bonding with children. There were couple limitations of the study. First, lesbian mothers’ response rate was higher than heterosexual parents’ because lesbian mothers’ curiosity in their parenting styles. Second, lesbian mothers’ had higher educational history compared to heterosexual parents. 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The following terms are used frequently throughout this document. †¢ Effective communication The successful joint establishment of meaning wherein patients and health care providers exchange information, enabling patients to participate

Ethics Game Essay Sample free essay sample

Your personal preferable lens is:Relationship Lens You use your logical thinking accomplishments ( reason ) to find what processes and systems should be put into topographic point to guarantee equity and justness for all in the community ( equality ) . Your Core Valuess: Equality and RationalityYou prioritize the value of equality over liberty. Your primary concern is the wellbeing of the whole community and you believe that guaranting the community’s wellbeing is the best manner to guarantee that persons are treated reasonably. You prioritize the value of reason over esthesia. You believe cosmopolitan regulations exist that apply every bit to everyone and that the best consequences are achieved through consistent application of the cosmopolitan regulations. Your Classical Valuess: JusticeYou value societal balance and believe this is achieved through trueness and consistence in traffics among members of the community. In your head. a predictable system that assures the wellbeing of all. particularly those without power. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Game Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page is a merely system. Your Cardinal Phrase: â€Å"I am just. †Because you value equality and reason. you tend to presume that the cosmopolitan application of a just system is the best manner to accomplish an ethical consequence. Your Definition of ethical behaviour: Being fairYou define an ethical individual as one who seeks justness and cardinal equity in the community. The ethical individual uses systems that giveeveryone in the community. particularly those without power. a opportunity to win. Your Tools for analysing jobs: AuthorityYou tend to believe through a job carefully and research options. paying peculiar attending to the experts on the topic. to happen the best solution for a job. Your end is to do a to the full informed determination and to run into the demands of the community. without harming the least advantaged. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/Eli/EthicalLensResults. aspx? R=1 Your Gift: JusticeBecause you are concerned with equity. when you are at your best you work for what is merely for all. i. e. . what keeps people connected to others in the community. You assure that systems and procedures are consistent. uniformly followed. and they protect the least advantaged without making undue loads for the remainder. Your Blind topographic point: Certitude in procedureBecause you believe that a consistent procedure consequences in a merely result for all. you sometimes trust the procedure excessively much. Although everyone should hold equal entree. non everyone does. Unequal entree gives rise to unfair results. even when the procedure itself is just. You tend to believe that ethical determinations are the natural byproduct of the cosmopolitan application of a just system. Your Hazard: Being autocraticBecause you trust sensible systems to work out jobs. you run the hazard of being autocratic: anticipating respect to power concentrated in a hierarchal authorization. Because you have thought carefully about what is right in a given state of affairs. you tend to presume that your manner is best and mistreat power as you impose your will on others for their ain good. Your Temptation: ExemptionAs you seek justness for all. your enticement will be to relieve yourself and leaders you trust from the regulations. You’ll convince yourself that the regulations were meant for other people or that the action you want to take truly is merely for everyone – even though your â€Å"Fair Self† tells you otherwise. Your Frailty: Becoming an ambitious elitistYour personal aspiration may overmaster your concern for justness. When it does. you will be given to overlook maltreatments of power by those in leading places. This will be particularly true when those in leading are portion of your group. and they claim to be protecting the rights of those who can non protect themselves. Your Crisis: Isolation and guiltUnless you develop the pattern of heedfulness and contemplation. at some point you will go stray. No 1 can vouch justness. or even a just procedure. as your â€Å"Fair Self† demands. You will besides experience guilty if you begin to resent that so few people you help look thankful. If you find you have few friends. it could be because your compulsion with justness thrusts everyone off. Your Sing Clearly: Listen to your bosomTo see more clearly. look into to see whether your intuition. your bosom. agrees with your caput. To happen balance. research the gifts of the other lenses – flexibleness and concern for the person. As you consider what is just. retrieve to anneal your actions with concern for persons. Look for ways to equilibrate the rights of persons with the wellbeing of the community and retrieve to be flexible. As you learn to see single positions in your determination devising procedure. you will populate out the best of your ideals with compassion and attention for all.

Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization

Introduction Countries, like businesses, control their economic positions to maintain a healthy economic stance regarding their financial resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Often, the nations establish their respective central banks that act as the finance department in the country to regulate both the money, as well as the credit system. The central banks use varied policy tools, including bank reserves, federal funds market, open market operations, discount rates, and foreign currency operations, to achieve their objectives of maximum employment and stable price levels, among other goals (Rose Marquis, 2003, p. 64). This paper seeks to discuss how such available policy tools are used by these institutions to determine the nation’s policies regarding money and credit. The paper further highlights some of the wea knesses, as well as strengths of these monetary policy tools. It also gives an insight on how a country’s economic goals are affected by the policy actions implemented by their central banks. Monetary Tools Bank Reserves Banks often maintain a specific amount of funds as reserves for purposes of meeting their unexpected outflows (Gamber Colande, 2006, p. 78). These reserves are maintained as cash or as deposits mainly with the central bank. Typically, the banks hold a larger amount in their reserves than is required for purposes of clearing overnight checks, restocking their automated cash machines (ATMs), and making different payments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reserve held by a given bank determines the amount of money that the same bank can lend. The central bank’s Board of Governors sets the reserve requirement in any country and it forms a criti cal aspect of the national monetary base (Gamber Colande, 2006, p. 78). This monetary tool influences policies in the sense that the treasury, which is the most important supplier of high-powered money, writes cheques on its account at the central bank to increase the reserve balance. On the other hand, the treasury’s act of collecting taxes diminishes the reserve levels in the bank (Arestis Sawyer, 2006, p. 79). This is critical because it highlights the fact that a country’s fiscal policy is by all means tied to the reserve balances. The central bank uses the bank reserve tool to defend the nature and position of the economy because of the discretionary nature of the treasury operations (Arestis Sawyer, 2006, p. 79). The Federal Funds Market The federal funds market relates to the bank reserves as a policy tool used by central banks to regulate a country’s economy. Banks use this market to borrow and lend their reserve levels. It often occurs that some bank s may have more deposits in their reserves than it is required by the central bank (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). On the other hand, banks may find themselves in need of money to maintain their reserves at the right level as expected by the central bank.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Banks are incentivised to lend out the reserves because reserve accounts do not attract any interest. Thus, other depository institutions needing additional funds for their reserves can borrow from banks holding the excess amount. The short term lending is facilitated by the federal funds market (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). The central bank, acting on instructions from banks with reserve accounts, switches these funds from the lending to the borrowing bank (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). A funds rate, which is the interest rate paid by the borrowing bank, i s the most critical aspect as far as the money market is involved. The funds rate is set by the central bank, but consideration is given to the interplay of the market forces, mainly the demand and supply levels, to fix it. The federal funds market, therefore, is an important monetary tool that helps in determining the monetary policy because both the current and future interest rates in the economy are anchored upon the funds rate (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). Open Market Operations The ‘open market operations’ is the most important tool that central banks use in the determination of their monetary and credit policies. This tool influences the reserves’ supply within the banking system. The central bank purchases and sells securities belonging to the government on the open market, including bankers’ acceptances (Thomas, 2006, p. 398).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The central bank has the discretion to determine the timing and magnitude of the transactions and implement the open market purchases basing on the needed impact on bank reserves, short-term interest rates, monetary aggregates, and the monetary base (Thomas, 2006, p. 398). The central banks use their portfolio of securities to earn their interest income. In this regard, the total revenue that the central bank earns varies proportionally to the central bank’s portfolio magnitude (Thomas, 2006, p. 399). For instance, a monetary restraint policy will be the central bank’s best alternative to counter the situation where an economy experiences escalating inflation and excessive aggregate expenditures (Thomas, 2006, p. 399). Such a condition will see the institution sell its securities within the open market. New reserves will be created to pay for the securities, where the security dealers’ reserve account will be credited. This mechanism allows the market operations tool to govern both the bank reserves’ behaviour and the monetary stand. As Thomas (2006, p. 399) points out, the action by the central bank in terms of acquisition or sale of securities results in the multiple expansion of deposits or contraction, thereby affecting the monetary aggregates in general. Discount Rates The discount rate is considered as a general or a quantitative instrument that influences the volume of credit that circulates in an economy. The central bank uses this rate to purchase or rediscount the bills of exchange, including other commercial papers appropriate for purchase. Banks borrow funds from the central bank by way of rediscounting the bills or through lending based on security on similar bills (Fernando, 2011, p. 560). Alternatively, lending by the central bank may also take place by way of short-dated government papers. The discount rate is determined solely by the central bank on a weekly basis and the banks alter it whenever the government seeks to achieve a particular desirable objective. For instance, the central bank may raise the discount rate as a move to discourage borrowing within the economy. Such a move, therefore, tightens credit because only a few individuals may be in a position to afford the high interest rates (Fernando, 2011, p. 560). On the other hand, the central bank lowers the discount rate when the government wishes to encourage more borrowing, making it cheaper for individuals to borrow and service their loans. The central bank uses this tool to regulate the actions of the commercial banks, thus controlling undue expansion of credit (Fernando, 2011, p. 560). Foreign Currency Operations The modalities of the foreign currency operations work in a similar manner as those of the open market operations. However, the main differentiating aspect of the two is the fact that the main commodity sold is the foreign currency, instead of the government securities. The central bank purchases foreign currencies as a way of expanding a country’s monetary base, thus influencing its money supply (Rose Marquis, 2003, p. 118). This move, in turn, creates additional reserves within the banking system. Thus, the central bank influences its ability to lend and re-lend its financial base to other institutions in the country (Marthinsen, 2008, p. 248). The bank, however, may also choose to decrease monetary aggregates in the economy, especially if they affect the economy negatively, by selling the foreign currencies. Such a move helps the bank to lower the amount of reserves in circulation, thereby compelling other financial intermediaries to limit their loans. This tool helps countries that are less developed, which mainly suffer from underdeveloped security markets (Marthinsen, 2008, p. 248). The foreign currency trade offers a better alternative to create the requisite influence since such countries are unable to purchase or trade their respective government securities easily or in large amoun ts. Strengths and Weaknesses Reserve Requirements Strengths The reserve requirements enable a government to regulate prices stability within the economy (Welch Welc, 2010, p. 248). The economy is at risk of suffering from inflation as a result more people having more money than the demand when too much money is in circulation. Thus, the central government may raise the reserve requirement amount to restrict the amount of money in circulation. On the other hand, short supply of money may result in prices shooting up, thus the central bank avoids such a scenario by releasing more money in the reserve system to cushion on the shortage. Weaknesses Regulating the amount of money supply within an economy may end up affecting the government’s objectives of achieving growth in the long run. It is not easy to determine the correct amount of money that should be in circulation at any given time because of economic uncertainty (Welch Welc, 2010, p. 248). Discount Rate Strengths Discou nt rates provide an avenue through which the government, through the central government, earns additional revenue for maintaining its operations. An improved economy will offer a greater chance for the government to earn more through an expanded discount rate. Weaknesses Discount rates may result in poor economic performance, especially where external economic factors are not considered. A higher discount rate will discourage borrowing, and affect long-term economic development negatively (Welch Welc, 2010, p. 248). Conclusion A nation’s economic policy is directly tied to the respective policy actions that are determined by its central bank. Such policies employ the use of reserve requirements, which the central bank uses to regulate the total amount of money that circulates within the economy. Too much money in circulation may result in inflation, leading to a sharp increase in the prices of products. Limited amount in circulation may result in difficulties in the economy where few people would be in the position to afford commodities. Thus, the central bank ensures that only the requisite amount of money is in circulation, while keeping the extra cash in the reserves. Another tool of the monetary and credit policy, the discount rate, is equally used by the central bank to determine the flow of funds, mainly loans, in the economy. All commercial banks adhere to this rate, which may result in high or low borrowing in the economy. A higher rate discourages people and institutions from borrowing loans, while a lower rate encourages more borrowing. List of References Arestis, P Sawyer, MC 2006, A handbook of alternative monetary economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK Fernando, AC 2011, Business environment, Dorling Kindersley, New Delhi, India Gamber, E Colande, DC 2006, Macroeconomics, Pearson Education South Africa, Cape Town Marthinsen, JE 2008, Managing in a global economy: Demystifying international macroeconomics, Thomson, Mason, OH R ose, PS Marquis, MH 2003, Money and capital markets: financial institutions and instruments in a global marketplace, 8th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Strumeyer, G 2012, Investing in fixed income securities: understanding the bond market, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Thomas, LB, 2006, Money, banking and financial markets, Thomson, Mason, OH Welch, PJ Welc, GF 2010, Economics: Theory and practice, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ This essay on Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization was written and submitted by user Maddox K. to help you with your own studies. 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